Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Observation of Air-Processed GdBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> Superconductors Doped with Metal Oxide Nanoparticles (Metal = Zr, Zn, and Sn)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-domain, c-axis-oriented 30-mm-diameter GdBa2Cu3O7-δ (Gd123) melt-textured bulk superconductors have been successfully grown by the top-seeded melt growth method from precursors of Gd123, Gd2BaCuO5, and Ag2O in air with doping of nanosized ZrO2, ZnO, or SnO2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) unveils a large amount of BaZrO3 or BaSnO3 particles with an average diameter of approximately 50 nm respectively embedded in ZrO2 or SnO2 doped samples, while no Zn-rich nanoparticles are observed in the ZnO-doped samples. The critical temperature Tc is almost unchanged up to a doping amount of 10 mol % for ZrO2- or SnO2-doped Gd123 melt-textured bulks, while ZnO-doped Gd123 becomes non-superconductive at this doping level. By atomic force microscopy (AFM), nanostripes with a wavelength of 15 nm are observed in the ZnO-doped Gd123 sample. Nanoscale particles in the grown Gd123 single domain, together with the micro-defects induced by nanoparticle doping, can account for the enhanced superconducting properties.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".