Minerals provide tints and possible binder/extender in pigments in san rock paintings (South Africa)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Minerals such as iron oxides and clays provide high tinting strength and improve the adhesive properties of pigments. In this study, we investigated the mineral composition of pigments from samples of San rock art. We used X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy to determine the mineral composition and micromorphology of pigments. Results showed that the major minerals in pigments in San rock art are whewellite, quartz, gypsum, hematite, and various alumino‐silicate minerals. The red hue in the pigment is due to hematite; gypsum and clays provide the white coloration, whereas black might be due to amorphous manganese compounds. We believe that whewellite with globular habit was extracted from plant sap (e.g., aloe vera) and added to the pigment, perhaps as binder, extender, or whitener. Whewellite with needle‐shaped morphology was present in cracks that developed in pigments and indicated an early stage of deterioration of the rock art. We propose that conservationists should seriously evaluate any change in the environmental conditions at the art site (e.g., removal of vegetation to improve touristic view) because such changes might significantly increase thermal fluctuations in pigments and promote crack formation and hence the decay of the San rock art. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it