Statistical studies of auroral MF burst emissions observed at South Pole Station and at multiple sites in northern Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Auroral MF burst is a broadband impulsive natural radio emission of auroral origin observed at ground level in the frequency range 0.8–4.5 MHz. Application of a semiautomated analysis method to data collected at South Pole Station, 74° magnetic latitude, results in a database of frequencies, amplitudes, and universal times of MF burst emissions observed during 1 January–31 December 2003. Besides confirming that MF burst emissions are observed at ground level only during darkness and that magnetic local time plays a significant role in controlling the MF burst occurrence rate, which maximizes in the pre‐magnetic‐midnight hours, these data reveal that the frequencies of MF burst emissions tend to be higher just after sunset and before sunrise than they are during midwinter. This observation supports a link between the emission frequency and the maximum plasma frequency in the ionosphere. South Pole data also show evidence for MF burst extending to frequencies well below the ionospheric gyrofrequency, which brings up the possibility that they are partly in the whistler mode. Analysis of optical and riometer data from one extra‐low‐frequency MF burst example suggests that MF burst is associated with a relatively high‐energy (>10 keV) auroral electron beam. Data from multiple Canadian observatories during 1997–1998 show that the MF burst occurrence rate maximizes near 74° magnetic latitude. With observatories spaced by 260–585 km, about 10% of the MF burst events are observed at two or more stations. Among coincident events, about 3/4 occur first at the lower‐latitude station and shift to the higher‐latitude station. The average duration of the MF burst events detected at two or more observatories increases with latitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".