In Vivo Knee Kinematics during Gait Reveals New Rotation Profiles and Smaller Translations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to identify abnormal or pathological motions associated with clinically relevant questions such as injury mechanisms or factors leading to joint degeneration, it is essential to determine the range of normal tibiofemoral motion of the healthy knee. In this study we measured in vivo 3D tibiofemoral motion of the knee during gait and characterized the nonsagittal plane rotations and translations in a group of six healthy young adults. The subjects were instrumented with markers placed on intracortical pins inserted into the tibia and femur as well as marker clusters placed on the skin of the thigh and shank. The secondary rotations and translation excursions of the knee were much smaller than those derived from skin markers and previously described in the literature. Also, for a given knee flexion angle, multiple combinations of transverse and frontal plane knee translation or rotation positions were found. This represents normal knee joint motions and ensemble averaging of gait data may mask this important subject-specific information.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".