Transport of Metals (Al, Fe) and Trace Elements (Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn) through Intact Soil Cores Amended with Fresh or Composted Beef Cattle Manure for Nine Years
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Composting of feedlot cattle (Bos Taurus) manure may enhance metal and trace element accumulation and transport through the soil because these elements are concentrated in manure during composting. Little research has been conducted on comparing transport of metals (Al, Fe) and trace elements (Ni, Cu, Mo, Zn) through soil amended with composted manure (CM) versus fresh feedlot manure (FM) stockpiled for up to two months. Our objective was to determine if the transport of six selected chemicals (Al, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo) was affected by the composting of cattle manure applied annually at 77 Mg ha−1 dry wt. for nine years to a clay loam soil. Intact soil cores were taken from a field experiment in the spring of 2007. Deionized water was applied to the soil cores in the laboratory under steady-state (4.9 cm d−1) and unsaturated conditions. The chemical concentrations were measured in the effluent and breakthrough curves and cumulative mass loss curves obtained. Flow-weighted mean concentrations (FWMC) and mass loss of Al, Fe, Ni, Mo, and Cu, recovery of total applied Al, and maximum concentrations of Fe and Mo were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater for CM compared to FM. Although greater chemical concentrations in amendments and soil for CM than FM may partially explain greater transport under CM, we believe that greater unsaturated hydraulic conductivity at 7 mBar for CM was a more important factor. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chemical analysis was provided by Bonnie Tovell, and data analysis assistance was provided by Raygan Boyce.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it