Investigation of hydrodynamics of binary fluidized beds via radioactive particle tracking and dual‐source densitometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The mixing and hydrodynamic behaviour of binary fluidized beds of particles of same size and differing density has been investigated experimentally by using radiation based non‐invasive techniques, viz. radioactive particle tracking (RPT) and dual‐source densitometry. The effect of air inlet velocity and bed composition has been investigated. RPT experiments are performed individually for both the solids by tracking one particle at a time. Many interesting findings are discussed, for example, such as the heavier (jetsam) phase is seen to be fluidized by action of the lighter (flotsam) phase even below its minimum fluidization velocity. Further, it has been found that while with increase in air inlet velocity, the extent of mixing of solid phases increases; even at very high air velocities the jetsam phase is not completely mixed. The important role played by the particle–particle collisions in the fluidization of binary mixtures is quantitatively highlighted. Le mélange et le comportement hydrodynamique des lits fluidisés binaires de particules de même taille et de différentes densités ont été étudiés expérimentalement en utilisant une technique non invasive à base de rayonnements par le suivi des particules radioactives et la densitométrie à double foyer. L'effet de la vitesse d'admission d'air et de la composition du lit a été étudié. Des expériences de suivi des particules radioactives sont exécutées individuellement pour chacun des deux solides par le suivi d'une particule à la fois. Plusieurs résultats intéressants sont discutés, comme par exemple, il est observé que la phase plus lourde (jetsam) est fluidisée par l'action de la phase plus légère (flotsam), même en dessous de sa vitesse minimum de fluidisation. De plus, il a été constaté que, tandis qu'avec l'accroissement de la vitesse d'admission d'air, l'ampleur du mélange des phases solides augmente, la phase jetsam n'est pas complètement mélangée même à des vitesses d'air très élevées. Le rôle important joué par les collisions particule‐particule dans la fluidisation des mélanges binaires est quantitativement mis en évidence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".