Experimental transmission of <i>Pharurus pallasii</i> (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea), a lungworm of the cranial sinuses of the beluga whale (<i>Delphinapterus leucas</i>), to fish
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transmission of lungworms (Metastrongyloidea: Pseudaliidae) in the marine environment has been poorly studied. This experimental study is the first conducted on a pseudaliid, Pharurus pallasii, a lungworm of the cranial sinuses of the beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas). First-stage larvae removed from uteri of gravid female P. pallasii from a freshly dead beluga were experimentally exposed to various marine organisms (fish, crustaceans, molluscs). First-stage larvae failed to develop in experimentally exposed invertebrates. The first moult occurred in the intestinal wall of American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and Arctic sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpioides) 45 and 78 days post exposure, respectively. The third larval stage, which is infectious to the final host, was not observed in fish during the 14 months of the experiment. No cellular inflammatory reaction to or encapsulation of larvae was observed in histological sections of the intestinal wall of American plaice 268 days post exposure. Survival and development of P. pallasii larvae to the second stage in fish suggest that fish are likely suitable intermediate hosts in the life cycle of P. pallasii. Invertebrates may still play a role as transport (paratenic) hosts. The morphology of the first and second larval stages of P. pallasii is described for the first time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".