Life history of <i>Kladothrips ellobus</i> and <i>Oncothrips rodwayi</i>: insight into the origin and loss of soldiers in gall‐inducing thrips
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary 1. The evolution of eusociality in Australian gall‐inducing thrips cannot be understood without comparisons among closely related solitary species. The life history of two solitary, gall‐inducing thrips, Kladothrips ellobus and Oncothrips rodwayi , was investigated, and data for solitary and eusocial species from previous studies were re‐analysed. Kladothrips ellobus is in a clade that is closely related to the eusocial species. Oncothrips rodwayi is in the same clade as the eusocial species and appears to have undergone an evolutionary loss of eusociality. It is the only galling thrips on Acacia in temperate environments. 2. The brood size of K. ellobus is eight to 23 times larger than broods of foundresses in eusocial species whereas the brood size of O. rodwayi is not significantly different from those of foundresses in eusocial species. 3. In K. ellobus , the mean sex ratio was not significantly different from parity but in O. rodwayi the mean sex ratio was 0.13 male. In O. rodwayi , 77% of females were inseminated by their brothers before dispersal, which is consistent with high levels of inbreeding in eusocial species of the same clade. Sex ratios suggest random mating in K. ellobus whereas female‐biased sex ratios in O. rodwayi are consistent with inbreeding and local mate competition. 4. Comparisons among solitary and eusocial species suggest that large brood size is an ancestral trait for eusociality in thrips, and this trait persists in solitary species as an r ‐selection strategy. Soldiers may have evolved in arid environments to minimise the risks of dispersal and the costs of latency to reproduction, and to maximise gall defence. 5. Temperate conditions could have facilitated the evolutionary loss of soldiers in O. rodwayi , as there should be a shorter, safer, more predictable window period between dispersal and gall induction, reducing the period of latency to reproduction following dispersal and lowering risks of dispersal. 6. The loss of soldiers in O. rodwayi is not associated with a reversion to the large brood sizes of solitary species in ancestral lineages.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".