Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Including Phase Change During the Impact of Semi-Molten Particles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A numerical method is proposed in this paper which is capable of modeling the impact and deposition of semi-molten particles. By attributing a high viscosity to the solid region, simulating the motion of solid cores including solidification/melting is made possible inside the particle. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved in combination with the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) technique to track the free surface of the particles. In addition, the heat transfer including phase change is modeled using the enthalpy method. The viscous terms are treated implicitly to relax the restrictions associated with small computational time-steps in explicit formulations. Several case studies with operating conditions of a typical thermal spray process are simulated. These cases include the impact of molten and semi-molten nickel particles in an atmospheric plasma spray process (APS). The effects of various parameters such as particle solid-core diameter, initial velocity and temperature are investigated. The simulations show that the size of the solid core has an important effect on the amount of particle splashing during the impact.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".