Timothy mineral concentration and derived indices related to cattle metabolic disorders: A review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) is grown in several countries, mainly for livestock forage. The nutritive value and dry matter (DM) yield of timothy is well established but less information is available on mineral concentration and related indices, like the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) and the grass tetany (GT) index. These indices predict the risk of a forage diet to cause metabolic disorders, i.e., milk fever for DCAD and grass tetany for the GT index. Improving our knowledge of factors affecting timothy mineral concentration is important for livestock production. This review paper compares timothy with other common cool-season grasses for mineral concentrations, DCAD, and GT index. Also assessed are variations in timothy mineral concentration affected by harvest and fertilization management, soil mineral availability, and environmental conditions. These results demonstrate the high potential for improvement and use of timothy forage to decrease the incidence of metabolic disorders within the dairy industry. Key words: Milk fever, grass tetany, dietary cation-anion difference, grass tetany index, forage, cool-season grasses
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".