A Hydrocarbon Droplet Evaporating in Turbulent Environment at Elevated Ambient Pressure and Temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents new experimental results on the vaporization process of hydrocarbon droplet in a turbulent environment at elevated ambient pressure and temperature conditions. n-Heptane and n-decane, which provide a wide range of hydrocarbons properties, were tested. The initial droplet diameter was on the order of 1 mm, and its surrounding ambient consisted of varying turbulence intensity up to 3.10 m/s, pressure up to 16 bar, and temperature up to 150°C. The results revealed that the hydrocarbon droplet followed the d2-law throughout its entire lifetime under all ambient conditions explored here. Increasing the ambient pressure increases the droplet vaporization lifetime, whereas increasing the ambient temperature reduces the droplet lifetime. More importantly, turbulence becomes more effective as ambient pressure increases, whereas it diminishes with increasing the ambient temperature. The experimental data were used to develop a more comprehensive hydrocarbons droplet mass transfer correlation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".