Persistence of Persulfate in Uncontaminated Aquifer Materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Batch and stop-flow column experiments were performed to estimate persulfate decomposition kinetic parameters in the presence of seven well-characterized aquifer materials. Push-pull tests were conducted in a sandy aquifer to represent persulfate decomposition under in situ conditions. The decomposition of persulfate followed a first-order rate law for all aquifer materials investigated. Reaction rate coefficients (k(obs)) increased by an order of magnitude when persulfate concentration was reduced from 20 g/L to 1 g/L, due to ionic strength effects. The column experiments yielded higher k(obs) than batch experiments due to the lower oxidant to solids mass ratio. The kinetic model developed from the batch test data was able to reproduce the observed persulfate temporal profiles from the push-pull tests. The estimated k(obs) indicate that unactivated persulfate is a persistent oxidant for the range of aquifer materials explored with half-lives ranging from 2 to 600 d.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".