Cell wall differentiation during early somatic embryogenesis in plants. II. Ultrastructural study and pectin immunolocalization on chicory embryos
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Cichorium hybrid clone 474 (C. intybus L. var. sativum × C. endivia L. var. latifolia), direct somatic embryogenesis was induced from roots. Using transmission electron microscopy, we followed the ultrastructural changes of the outer cell wall in relation to embryo developmental stage. During the transition from an embryogenic cell to a somatic embryo, the differentiation of the outer cell wall involved both deposition and rearrangement processes. During the first divisions, the cell wall of few-celled embryos still enclosed in the root tissue appeared as a large amorphous layer of cellulose, thicker than the cell walls of the root cortex cells. When the proembryo emerged from the root cells, the outer wall surface exhibited a fibrillar material designated as the supraembryonic network. As this network disappeared, the outer cell wall changed organization, and two domains were distinguished. At the torpedo stage, the outer cell wall was more compact without any gaps and the protoderm was differentiated. Immunolocalization of an epitope recognised by JIM5 antibody revealed the unesterified nature of the supraembryonic network. Such pectins were also located at the outer third of the outer cell wall of protodermal cells as well as in the intercellular spaces. Highly methylesterified pectins recognized by JIM7 antibodies were slightly present in the cell walls during the embryogenesis process. The different stages of the outer cell wall differentiation as well as the development of the transient supraembryonic network are described, and its possible roles in somatic embryogenesis are proposed.Key words: cell differentiation, cell wall, Cichorium (chicory), pectin, somatic embryogenesis, transmission electron microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".