X-Ray Absorption Study of the Effect of Calcium Sulfonate on Antiwear Film Formation Generated From Neutral and Basic ZDDPs: Part 1—Phosphorus Species
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZDDPs) from very effective antiwear films in boundary lubrication applications. In most cases, however, the ZDDPs do not work alone. They are formulated with many other additives to provide the performance required by today's modern oils. X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) has been used to study the antiwear films formed from the commonly used combination of ZDDP and calcium sulfonate in both neutral and basic forms. The results are presented in two papers: Part 1 for the phosphorus species and Part 2 for the sulfur species. XANES showed conclusively that in the presence of LOB (low overbased) or HOB (high overbased) calcium sulfonate under sliding conditions, ZDDPs do not form long-chain polyphosphates that have been associated with antiwear action. Instead, short-chain polyphosphates calcium phosphate are formed. The relative amounts of calcium phosphate formed depend on the ester group of the ZDDP: aryl > n-alkyl > sec-alkyl. Interestingly, this order of ester groups is inversely related to the antiwear effectiveness of the ZDDPs. Thus, it is probable that the addition of either LOB or HOB calcium sulfonate to ZDDP will result in a decrease in antiwear effectiveness of the additive mixture compared to the ZDDP by itself. Wear data support this conclusion. It is suggested that the elimination of long-chain polyphosphates and the formation of calcium phosphates in the tribofilm leads to this decrease in antiwear effectiveness, the latter by abrasion of the antiwear film.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it