Determination and enthusiasm: Richard Norris Wolfenden (1854–1926), his <i>Plankton studies</i> and other things oceanographical
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Richard Norris Wolfenden was a significant independent force in post-Challenger British oceanography. After a career in medicine, Wolfenden devoted himself to an intense decade of exploration in the North Atlantic on his yachts the Walwin and the Silver Belle, in cooperation with expanding international studies. He was among the first to advocate relatively small-scale but periodic investigations of fixed sites. Wolfenden was a founder of the Challenger Society (1903) and a member of the council of the Marine Biological Association. Pelagic copepods became Wolfenden's particular interest. Among his 12 papers and monographs were the two parts of the Plankton studies (1905–1906), the rarest modern copepodological publications. Taxonomic problems caused by a revision of the first part are discussed, and an attempt was made to locate the “half dozen” original sets of the Plankton studies. Wolfenden left England in 1910 and spent his last years in Ontario.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.011 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.012 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".