Economic burden of cardiovascular diseases in China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have become the principle cause of death and disability among the middle-aged and elderly both in urban and rural areas of China. The objective of this study is to estimate the direct costs of CVD in China. Direct costs were estimated for the Chinese population with CVD in 2003 by sex, age, geography, type of medical condition and medical insurance, and then calculated based on the 2003 National Health Services Survey. The annual average direct medical cost and direct nonmedical cost were 4238.3 Yuan (US$529.8) and 153.9 Yuan (US$19.2) in urban areas, 2302.5 Yuan (US$278.1) and 416.4 Yuan (US$50.3) in rural areas, respectively. On average, only 23.9% of outpatient costs and 35.2% in-patient costs could be paid by various kinds of medical insurance. This disease burden led to 209.0 billion Yuan (US$26.1 billion) in direct costs in 2003. The strong positive association between CVD, and the economic burden to families and society, demonstrates the need for greater investment to prevent CVD in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".