Direct hole injection in to 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl: A simple pathway to achieve efficient organic light emitting diodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The conventional carrier-blocking design of the exciton formation zone used in nearly all organic light emitting diodes is shown to be problematic, due to exciton quenching from accumulated radical cations. To reduce exciton quenching, a single layer of 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) is used as hole transport layer, resulting in a dramatically improved device efficiency even at high luminance (e.g., 20.5 cd/A at 100 000 cd/m2 for fluorescent green). Various high work function transition metal oxides (WO3, V2O5, and MoO3) coated on indium tin oxide anodes have been shown to enable direct hole injection into the deep highest occupied molecular orbital of CBP (6.1 eV).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".