Direct hole injection in to 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl: A simple pathway to achieve efficient organic light emitting diodes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The conventional carrier-blocking design of the exciton formation zone used in nearly all organic light emitting diodes is shown to be problematic, due to exciton quenching from accumulated radical cations. To reduce exciton quenching, a single layer of 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) is used as hole transport layer, resulting in a dramatically improved device efficiency even at high luminance (e.g., 20.5 cd/A at 100 000 cd/m2 for fluorescent green). Various high work function transition metal oxides (WO3, V2O5, and MoO3) coated on indium tin oxide anodes have been shown to enable direct hole injection into the deep highest occupied molecular orbital of CBP (6.1 eV).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".