Overwintering behavior and physiology of eastern painted turtles (<i>Chrysemys picta picta</i>) in Rhode Island
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We equipped 20 eastern painted turtles (Chrysemys picta picta) with radio transmitters and recovered them from a pond in Rhode Island during the winter of 1998-1999. Each month, three turtles were collected without permitting them to breathe. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture and analyzed for pH, PCO 2 , PO 2 , and hematocrit; plasma was analyzed for [Na + ], [K + ], [Cl ], total [Ca], total [Mg], [lactate], and osmolality. In December 1998, mean values for pH, PO 2 , PCO 2 , [HCO 3 ], [lactate], total [Ca] and [Mg], hematocrit, and osmolality were 7.84 ± 0.02, 4.7 ± 1.9 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133.3 Pa), 10.2 ± 1.2 mmHg, 25.4 ± 2.6 mmol·L 1 , 2.78 ± 1.16 mmol·L 1 , 3.2 ± 0.4 mmol·L 1 , 2.5 ± 0.1 mmol·L 1 , 23% red blood cells, and 271 mosmol·kg 1 H 2 O, respectively, values similar to those for turtles submerged in normoxic water for 10 days at the prevailing water temperature (2-3°C). Throughout the winter, ice intermittently covered approximately 80% of the pond, water PO 2 was greater than 75% of air saturation, and blood PO 2 was maintained between 0.8 ± 0.3 and 10.1 ± 1.1 mmHg. Between December and February, there were no changes in most of the measured blood variables but, in March 1999, although the pond was largely free of ice, plasma [lactate], total [Ca], and total [Mg] averaged nearly 30, 8.1 ± 1.7, and 4.5 ± 0.8 mmol·L 1 , respectively, although with a large variation among individuals. The turtles did not bury in the substrate during the winter and, despite the increase in plasma lactate, there was no significant acidemia. However, the winter of 19981999 was relatively mild, and it is possible that more significant acid-base and ionic perturbations could occur during more severe winters, particularly in small ponds that cool sooner in late autumn and may have more prolonged ice cover than larger bodies of water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".