Detection and control of cavitation during blood–brain barrier opening: Applications and clinical considerations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microbubble-mediated opening of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) using ultrasound is a targeted technique that provides a transient time window during which circulating therapeutics that are normally restricted to the vasculature can pass into the brain. This effect has been associated with increases in cavitation activity of the circulating microbubbles, and our group has previously described a method to actively control treatments in pre-clinical rodent models based on acoustic emissions recorded by a single transducer. Recently, we have developed a clinical-scale receiver array capable of detecting bubble activity through ex vivo human skullcaps starting at pressure levels below the threshold for BBB opening. The use of this array to spatially map cavitation activity in the brain during ultrasound therapy will be discussed, including considerations for compensating for the distorting effects of the skull bone. Additionally, results from pre-clinical investigations examining safety and therapeutic potential will be presented, and receiver design considerations for both pre-clinical and clinical scale systems will be discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".