Goniometric realization of diffuse reflectance scales at NPL
Bibliographic record
Abstract
United Kingdom scales for diffuse reflectance in the ultra-violet to near-infrared region are realized at National Physical Laboratory using goniometric techniques, while the mid-infrared scale is based on measurements with a hemisphere reflectometer. Both of these scales have changed recently. In the ultra-violet to near-infrared region this took place on adoption of the goniometrically realized scale which replaced the previous scale traceable to NRC and PTB, while in the mid-infrared the scale change was based on the development of a new direct absolute technique which allowed a re-determination of the diffuse reflectance of BaSO4. Dissemination of the UV/vis/NIR scale will still in the main rely on integrating sphere techniques, and this requires the use of reference standards calibrated using the goniometric technique. The new scale is found to be 0.4 - 0.5 % higher than the previous scale in the visible region, while harmonization with the mid-infrared at 2.5 μm has made good progress, thereby ensuring an independent and continuous scale from the ultra-violet to the far-infrared.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".