Interfacial Interactions of Crude Oil-Brine-CO2 Systems under Reservoir Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract In this paper, an experimental technique is developed to study the interfacial interactions of the crude oil-brine-CO2 systems at different pressures and temperatures. The major component of this experimental set-up is a see-through windowed high-pressure cell. By using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis (ADSA) for the pendant drop case, this new technique makes it possible to determine the interfacial tension (IFT) and to visualize the interfacial interactions among the crude oil, brine and CO2 under practical reservoir conditions. More specifically, the equilibrium IFT of the crude oil-CO2 or the brine-CO2 system is measured as a function of pressure and temperature, respectively. For the crude oil-CO2 system, there always exists a constant low IFT (i.e., the partial miscibility) as long as the pressure is higher than a threshold value. No ultra low or zero IFT between the crude oil and CO2 is found at the operating pressures and temperatures tested in this study. For the brine-CO2 system, the complete miscibility between the brine and CO2 can be achieved. In addition, a number of important physical phenomena are observed after the crude oil or brine is made in contact with CO2. In particular, the swelling effect, light-ends extraction, initial turbulent mixing and wettability alteration are the major characteristics of the crude oil-CO2 system, whereas the swelling effect and the complete miscibility are the primary features of the brine-CO2 system. For the crude oil-brine-CO2 systems, wettability between the crude oil and the stainless steel needle in CO2-saturated brine phase is rather different from that of the crude oil-CO2 system. This wettability difference may considerably improve the oil recovery in a previously waterflooded water-wet reservoir during CO2 flooding processes. The immiscibility between the crude oil and CO2-saturated brine phase is still observed up to P=28.196 MPa and T=58°C.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".