Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Pacemaker and implantable cardiovertor defibrillator utilization is evolving rapidly. Expanding indications are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: Current pacemakers are smaller, more dependable, longer lasting and have rate-adaptive features. Implantable cardiovertor defibrillators use transvenous leads and have advanced pacing abilities. Primary pacing indications remain sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular conduction abnormalities. Dual-chamber pacemakers compared with single chamber ventricular pacemakers, have small quality of life advantages and result in less atrial fibrillation, but decrease stroke rates and mortality. In congestive heart failure patients with delayed ventricular conduction, cardiac resynchronization therapy (atrially timed biventricular pre-excitation) improves physiological parameters, performance indices and quality of life. Atrial arrhythmias may be prevented or treated with appropriate pacing strategies. Pacing-related improvements for symptomatic neurally mediated syncope and symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy have been demonstrated. For patients with coronary artery disease and low ejection fractions, implantable cardiovertor defibrillators are well established in the secondary prevention of sudden death, and may be helpful for primary prevention if there are inducible ventricular arrhythmias. Combining cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardiovertor defibrillators in similar patients is under investigation. The role of atrial defibrillators is being defined. Electromagnetic interference remains possible with these devices, particularly in electromagnetically hostile environments. SUMMARY: More pacemakers and implantable cardiovertor defibrillators will be encountered. Despite increasing sophistication, most often only basic anti-bradycardia modes are essential in the perioperative setting. Understanding the indications for implantation will help the anesthesiologist better support the physiological needs of the patient. Existing perioperative pacemaker-related guidelines for the anesthesiologist still apply.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".