Anomalous response to potassium in vascular smooth muscle cells of human saphenous vein
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1.--We have examined the relationship between the resting membrane potential (E(m)) and the concentration of the external ions, K(+), Cl(-) and Ca(2+), as well as the effects of K(+) on active force generation in human saphenous veins. 2.--As measured with sharp glass microelectrodes, the E(m) of vascular muscle cells was -76.0 +/- 7.0 mV (mean +/- SD; n = 328). Raising the concentration of external potassium ([K(+)](e)) from 4.2 to 20, 40, 80, 120 or 150 mm produced an incremental depolarization, revealing a maximal slope factor of 15 mV per 10-fold increase. 3.--Oubain (1.0 microm) did not have any effect on E(m) (-79.0 +/- 8.0 mV; n = 80). Replacement of external Cl(-) with propionate resulted in significant (P < 0.05) depolarization (E(m): -65.5 +/- 7.5 mV; n = 40). In Cl(-)-free buffer containing 80 mm K(+), E(m) depolarized to -52.0 +/- 6.7 mV (n = 45) compared with -64.7 +/- 6.5 mV (n = 55) (P < 0.05) measured in buffer containing 80 mm [K(+)](e) and Cl(-) 138.7 mm. Removal of Ca(2+) did not significantly modify the depolarizing response to K(+) 80 mm: E(m), -68.2 +/- 4.9 mV (n = 42) vs.-64.7 +/- 6.5 mV (n = 55) in the presence of Ca(2+). 4.--Despite their small size, changes in E(m) correlated closely with force generation in buffer containing high K(+), approximately 3.62 mN force being generated per mV of change in E(m). 5.--These data demonstrate that, in human saphenous smooth muscle cells, (i) the magnitude of depolarization induced by raising [K(+)](e) deviates considerably from the theoretical values predicted by the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equations, (ii) Cl(-) appears to contribute to the maintenance of E(m), and (iii) electromechanical coupling has a low threshold.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".