Ground magnetic signatures of ULF and substorm activity during an interval of abnormally weak solar wind on May 11, 1999
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On May 11, 1999 the solar wind density became extremely low, dropping slowly over several hours to below 1 particle/cc at a time when the wind speed was relatively low (∼360–380 km/s) and the north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) was fluctuating within ±2 nT of zero. During this period, we tried to establish whether or not ground based magnetometers detected any unusual signatures over and above a weakened version of the normal signatures of activity. In this paper we report that, although the oval was contracted, the activity along the oval demonstrated no unusual characteristics. However, at high latitudes there was significant ULF activity in a latitudinally localized strip during the nighttime hours. We contend that this activity is associated with resonant oscillations in the magnetotail which couple to field lines around the high latitude edge of the plasma sheet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".