Toward Understanding the Hofmeister Series. 1. Effects of Sodium Salts of Some Anions on the Molecular Organization of H<sub>2</sub>O
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied a detailed thermodynamic behavior of 1-propanol (abbreviated as 1P) in mixed solvents of aqueous Na 2 SO 4, NaOOCCH 3, and NaClO 4, and NaSCN. We measured the excess partial molar enthalpy of 1P, H 1P E, in these mixed solvents at various initial salt concentrations. We then evaluated what we call the enthalpic interaction, H 1P - 1P E = (∂ H 1P E /∂ n 1P ), where n 1P is the amount of 1P. The composition dependence of H 1P - 1P E changes in a characteristic manner on addition of a specific salt. This induced change in the behavior of H 1P - 1P E is used to elucidate the effect of the salt on the molecular organization of H 2 O. Na + ion seems to hydrate a number less than seven or eight molecules of H 2 O, leaving the bulk H 2 O outside the hydration shell unperturbed. SO 4 2- also hydrates a number less than 26 H 2 O molecules with a concomitant increase in the degree of fluctuation of the bulk H 2 O. Na 2 SO 4 as a whole hydrates the total of 26 H 2 O. CH 3 COO - ion modifies H 2 O in a similar manner as an alcohol. Cl - ion hydrates a number less than seven or eight H 2 O molecules leaving the bulk H 2 O in the same state as in pure H 2 O. NaCl as a whole hydrates the total of seven or eight molecules of H 2 O. ClO 4 - and SCN - participate in hydrogen bonding with the hydrogen bond network of H 2 O keeping its connectivity intact. However, they reduce the degree of fluctuation inherent in liquid H 2 O. Thus, each ion has its own unique manner of modifying H 2 O, except that ClO 4 - and SCN - modify H 2 O in almost the same way. Therefore, it seems fair to state that the phenomenological net result manifested as the Hofmeister series is due to multifacetted factors working in the holistic manner, and a single or a small number of parameters is not sufficient to explain its effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".