Oxygen Softening of Lead: On-Line Measurement of Bullion Quality
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oxygen softening of lead bullion is used at Teck Cominco's Trail smelter to reduce the level of arsenic and antimony in crude bullion to make a product suitable for anode refining. Since impurity content and oxygen potential of the bullion are thermodynamically related, on-line determination of the arsenic and antimony levels without the need for sampling hot metal can be achieved by monitoring the oxygen potential of the lead bullion. An oxygen probe for continuous measurements in molten lead has been designed in the laboratory. The probe can be schematically represented asstainless steel, [O]in lead bullion|ZrO2 – Y2O3|Cu – Cu2O, stainless steelOnce it was established that the probe was giving satisfactory measurements in the laboratory, quick response to temperature and oxygen potential changes, a testing campaign was carried out in an industrial environment. The campaign was successful and a correlation between measured electromotive force (EMF) and bullion content in arsenic and antimony was established as follows(we%)As+Sb = −1.366+10.26×10−3 (mV)Measured where (wt%)As+Sb is the combined (As+Sb) bullion content in wt% and (mV)Measured is the measured EMF in mV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".