Estrogens in Tardive Dyskinesia in Male Psychiatric Patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The beneficial effect of estrogens on L-dopa-induced dyskinesias and on tardive dyskinesia has recently been reported. In this open pilot study, conjugated estrogens (CE) were administered to 20 male chronic psychiatric patients (age range: 29-63). All except 1 were still on neuroleptic medication and 8 of them were still receiving an antiparkinsonian agent. Patients were divided into 4 equal groups. Groups I and II (< 51 years old) received daily CE at different doses (1.25 or 2.50 mg) for a period of 6 weeks. Groups III and IV (> 52 years old) were treated identically. A significant decrease (p < 0.006) in intensity or disappearance of one type of dyskinesia was observed in each group (4 of 5 patients). No definite trend was noted in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism, or apparent change in the mental condition of the patients. The functioning of the extrapyramidal system reveals itself therefore, increasingly complex if this antidopaminergic action of estrogens is added. Indeed, it had been hypothesized lately that in addition to dopamine and acetylcholine, substances like GABA and enkephalin could also be involved in its regulation. The relationship between dopamine and estrogens is interesting as the presence of catechol estrogens, compounds that might play an important role in neuroendocrine regulation, has been demonstrated in some areas of rat brain. Finally, with respect to hormones, the reported prompt and transitory rise in serum prolactin level after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may reflect a possible involvement of endorphins, at least in part, in the therapeutic effect of ECT. The possible influence of this form of treatment on extrapyramidal symptoms in relation with this is briefly discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".