Advective and Diffusive Gas Transport through Fractured Sulfur Blocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long‐term storage of S 0 blocks poses a contamination risk to both groundwater and surface water as the oxidation of S 0 to H 2 SO 4 creates drainage waters with low pH and elevated SO 4 2− concentrations. Because the presence of O 2 in the S 0 blocks is a primary control on S 0 oxidation, rates of atmospheric gas migration into the blocks can be used to quantify S 0 oxidation rates. Using in situ measurements and a tracer experiment combined with laboratory diffusion experiments, we determined that transport analysis of multiple gas species is required to quantify O 2 fluxes into a S 0 block. Advection, created by O 2 consumption within the block, accounted for 21% of the total O 2 influx and considerably increased H 2 SO 4 production in the block above that attributed to O 2 diffusion. While barometric pumping of the fracture porosity in the upper 8 m was probably occurring, its overall effect on O 2 influx was determined to be negligible. Quantification of O 2 and CO 2 fluxes was necessary to explain the direction and magnitude of N 2 concentration gradients that develop in the block, despite the fact that N 2 was nonreactive. Our findings should be widely applicable because the construction method of S 0 blocks is standard throughout the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".