Down‐regulation of Microsomal Prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> Synthase‐1 in Adipose Tissue by High‐fat Feeding
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Prostaglandin (PG)E2 is a lipid mediator implicated in inflammatory diseases and in the regulation of lipolysis and adipocyte differentiation. This work was, thus, undertaken to study the regulation of the various PGE2 synthases (PGESs) in obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: C57Bl/6 mice were subjected to a high-fat or regular diet for 12 weeks. The levels of PGE2 in white adipose tissue (WAT) of lean and obese mice were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the change in expression of the three major PGES caused by diet-induced obesity was characterized by Western blotting. Human preadipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells were used to assess the expression of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) during adipogenesis. RESULTS: mPGES-1, mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGES proteins were all detected in WAT of lean animals. mPGES-1 was expressed at higher levels in WAT than in any other tissues examined and was more abundant (3- to 4-fold) in epididymal (visceral) compared with inguinal (subcutaneous) WAT. Expression of mPGES-1 was also detected in undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 cells and in human primary subcutaneous preadipocytes at all stages of adipogenesis. The mPGES-1 protein was substantially down-regulated in epididymal and inguinal WAT of obese mice, whereas mPGES-2 and cytosolic PGES remained relatively stable. Concordantly, the PGE2 levels in obese inguinal WAT were significantly lower than those of lean animals. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that mPGES-1 is the major form of PGESs contributing to the synthesis of PGE2 in WAT and that its down-regulation might be involved in the alterations of lipolysis and adipogenesis associated with obesity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".