Unsupervised Change Detection in Multitemporal SAR Images Over Large Urban Areas
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unsupervised change detection in multitemporal single-polarization synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images often involves thresholding of the image change indicator. If one class, which is usually the unchanged class, comprises a disproportionately large part of the scene, the image change indicator may have a unimodal histogram. Image thresholding of such a change indicator is a challenging task. In this paper, we present an automatic and effective approach to the thresholding of the log-ratio change indicator whose histogram may have one mode or more than one mode. A bimodality test is performed to determine whether the histogram of the log-ratio image is unimodal or not. If it has more than one mode, the generalized Kittler and Illingworth thresholding (GKIT) algorithm based on the generalized Gaussian model (GG-GKIT) is used to detect the optimal threshold values. If it is unimodal, the log-ratio image is divided into small regions and a multiscale region selection process is carried out to select regions which are a balanced mixture of unchanged and changed classes. The selected regions are combined to generate a new histogram. The optimal threshold value obtained from the new histogram is then used to separate unchanged pixels from changed pixels in the log-ratio image. Experimental results obtained on multitemporal SAR images of Toronto and Beijing demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".