Long-term changes in climate, streamflow, and nutrient budgets for first-order catchments at the Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada)This paper is part of the series “Forty Years of Aquatic Research at the Experimental Lakes Area”.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We analyzed 36 years of records for climate, hydrology, and the chemistry of precipitation and runoff from the Lake 239 (Rawson Lake) catchment at the Experimental Lakes Area (Ontario, Canada). No evidence of significant periodicity was found for any variable in the Experimental Lakes Area records. The longer (67-year) record from nearby Kenora, Ontario, revealed a 31-year cycle in precipitation but not temperature. Significant increasing long-term trends at the Experimental Lakes Area were found for annual and winter temperature and summer precipitation and deposition of ammonium, total nitrogen (TN), and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN). Large (80%) increases in ammonium deposition appear to be related to higher emissions in the central United States. A significant negative trend for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation cannot be explained. In runoff, significant positive trends were found for TDN and DOC in the northeast catchment and TN, TDN, ammonium, and DOC in the northwest. Significant negative trends were found for TDP and nitrate in the northeast. Significant increases were found for retention of ammonium in all catchments and DOC in the northeast and northwest. There was no apparent relationship between forest succession and retention of nutrients. Results are compared with those from three other long-term monitoring sites in eastern North America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".