THE IMPACT OF SUPPORT GROUPS ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATE OF ATHLETES EXPERIENCING CONCCUSSIONS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable interest and research examining the psychological effects of athletic injuries, as well as coping strategies for an enhanced recovery. Theoretical and empirical investigations have determined that reaction to athletic injury may result in psychological distress (Gould, Udry, Bridges & Beck, 1997). Athletic injuries, especially concussions, have been increasing at an alarming rate with as many as 300,000 reported concussions occuring each year in the United States (Johnston, Lassonde & Ptito, 2001). PURPOSE: To examine the psychological effects of sport related concussions and to determine if athletes participating in support groups can reduce these psychological side effects. METHODS: Subjects included two groups of concussed male and female varsity or comparable elite level athletes representing either a control or an experimental group. All subjects completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS) (McNair, Lorr, & Droppleman, 1971) rating their mood disturbance, and the Post Concussion Rating Scale, pre and post-intervention. The participants in the experimental group participated in three support group intervention sessions, lasting approximately 45 minutes. Each session began with a 15-minute educational seminar on topics that included psychological response to injury, concussions, and fear of re-injury and return to sport. Each session concluded with a 30-minute discussion surrounding the topic that was presented to the athletes. Subjects in the control group completed the same measurement instruments and received no intervention. RESULTS: Data were analyzed using a series of dependent and independent t-tests to determine if social support groups had an effect on the psychological state of concussed athletes. Similarities and differences between the groups will be described. CONCLUSION: Implementation of intervention techniques for concussed athletes offers potential benefit for recovery as well as practical information for athletes, coaches, sport medicine practitioners, and sport psychologists.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".