Bibliographic record
Abstract
Higher-Order Abstract Syntax, or HOAS, is a technique for using a higher-order logic as a metalanguage for an object language with binding operators. It avoids formalizing syntactic details related to variable binding. This paper gives an extension to classical higher-order logic that supports HOAS. The logic we work with is the core of the logics employed in the widely used systems HOL and Isabelle/HOL. The extension adds recursive types, and a new type constructor for parametric functions. Using these additions, we can solve, for example, the archetypal recursive type equation for a HOAS representation of the syntax of the untyped lambda-calculus: T = (T x T) + (T ↪ T), where the function type is the new parametric one. The usual HOAS induction principles can be derived. The bulk of the technical development in the paper is a semantics of the new logic, extending the usual set-theoretic semantics of classical higher-order logic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".