Hydraulic Fracturing Design and Its Effects on Oil Recovery in Bakken Formation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Development of tight or low permeability reservoirs (e.g. Bakken formation) commences to reveal its potential and significance and expected to become even more essential in the future. The Canadian Bakken has been produced for over 40 years. At present, the combination of horizontal well drilling and the new multi-stage fracturing and completion technologies has been the key to economically unlocking the vast reserves of the Bakken formation. Parametric studies of fracture geometry on well productivity and oil recovery are essential for a successful hydraulic fracturing stimulation treatment. In this paper, we will investigate the best hydraulic fracturing scenario for Bakken formation and the effects of fracture geometries on oil recovery. More specifically, a geological model is firstly built using typical fluid and rock properties in Bakken formation; the horizontal wells with multistage hydraulic fractures will then be modeled using local grid refinement (LGR) and history matched based on the field production data. Various fracture treatment designs are evaluated, which include the investigation of various fracture spacing, lengths, and fracture locations on the horizontal wells. The results of this study show that, employing multistage hydraulic fracturing along horizontal wells can significantly improve oil recovery in Bakken formation. Compared to fracture length, fracture spaces or fracture numbers have greater impacts on oil recovery. More importantly, for the same fractured volume in the reservoir (i.e., the same usage of proppant and fracturing fluid), fractures with longer and smaller fracture numbers lead to a similar oil recovery compared to shorter but larger fracture numbers along the horizontal well laterals.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it