Binary nucleation rates for ethanol/water mixtures in supersonic Laval nozzles: Analyses by the first and second nucleation theorems
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We performed pressure trace measurements and small angle x-ray scattering measurements to determine the vapor-liquid nucleation rates of EtOH/H2O mixtures including pure EtOH and pure H2O in two supersonic Laval nozzles with different expansion rates. The nucleation rates varied from 0.9 × 10(17) to 16 × 10(17) cm(-3) s(-1) over the temperature range of 210 K to 230 K, EtOH activity range of 0 to 11.6, and H2O activity range of 0 to 124. The first and second nucleation theorems were applied to the nucleation rates to estimate the sizes, compositions, and excess energies of the critical clusters. The critical clusters contained from 4 to 15 molecules for pure H2O and EtOH/H2O clusters, and from 16 to 23 molecules for pure EtOH clusters. Comparing the excess energies of the pure H2O critical clusters with the results of a quantum-chemistry calculation suggested that the pre-factor of the theoretical nucleation rate is almost constant regardless of the monomer concentration. One possible explanation for this result is that cooling of the critical clusters limits the nucleation rate under the highly supersaturated conditions. The results of the analyses also yielded the relation between the surface energy and the composition of the critical clusters, where the latter are predicted to consist only of surface molecules. Applying this relationship to the EtOH/H2O bulk liquid mixtures, we estimated the EtOH mole fraction in the surface layer and found it is higher than that derived from the surface tension based on the Gibbs adsorption equation when the EtOH mole fraction in the liquid is higher than about 0.2 mol/mol. This discrepancy was attributed to the existence of the EtOH depletion layer just below the surface layer of the liquid.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it