A universe under strain: Amerindian nations in north-eastern North America in the 16th century
Bibliographic record
Abstract
AbstractArchival and archaeological research has improved understanding of the 16th-century European presence in north-eastern North America. Links may now be established between assemblages of European objects uncovered on Amerindian sites in the continent's interior, providing insights into how the newcomers' arrival and encounter with Aboriginal people affected local populations. Despite their limitations, the material remains provide an Amerindian-generated viewpoint that, when considered in conjunction with archival evidence, can be related to European narratives. This paper attempts to measure the intensity and scope of early contacts and establish the main events surrounding them.Archival and archaeological research has improved understanding of the 16th-century European presence in north-eastern North America. Links may now be established between assemblages of European objects uncovered on Amerindian sites in the continent's interior, providing insights into how the newcomers' arrival and encounter with Aboriginal people affected local populations. Despite their limitations, the material remains provide an Amerindian-generated viewpoint that, when considered in conjunction with archival evidence, can be related to European narratives. This paper attempts to measure the intensity and scope of early contacts and establish the main events surrounding them.Les recherches archivistiques et archéologiques ont amélioré notre compréhension de la présence européenne au XVIe siècle dans le nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Les liens entre les assemblages des objets européens découverts sur des sites amérindiens à l'intérieur du continent peuvent désormais être établis, ce qui fournit un aperçu de la manière dont l'entrée des nouveaux arrivants et la rencontre avec les populations aborigènes ont affecté les populations locales. Malgré leurs limites, les vestiges matériels fournissent un point de vue engendré par les Amérindiens qui, lorsque pris en considération avec les indices archivistiques, peuvent être rattachés aux récits européens. Cet article cherche à mesurer l'intensité et la portée des contacts anciens et à apprécier les principaux événements les entourant.Archivare und archäologische Untersuchungen haben das Verständnis für die europäische Präsenz in Nordostamerika vertieft. Man kann jetzt Verbindungen herstellen zwischen europäischen Gegenständen, die auf amero-indianischem Gelände im Inneren des Kontinents gefunden wurden, und der Wirkung, die die Ankunft der Neuankömmlinge und die Begegnung mit den Ureinwohnern gehabt hat. Trotz ihrer Begrenztheit können die materiellen Überreste einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der amero-indianischen Entwicklung leisten, insbesondere, wenn man sie in Verbindung mit archivierten Hinweisen und überlieferten europäischen Erzählungen betrachtet. Dieser Bericht ist ein Versuch, die Intensität und den Umfang der frühen Kontakte in Zusammenhang mit den Hauptereignissen zu setzen.La ricerca archivistica e archeologica hanno migliorato la conoscenza della presenza europea nel nord-est del nord America durante il XVI secolo. È adesso possibile stabilire delle relazioni fra i contesti che hanno restituito oggetti europei in siti amerindiani nell'interno del continente, fornendo altresì un quadro su come il sopraggiungere dei nuovi arrivati e l'incontro con le popolazioni indigene abbia influito sulla popolazione locale. Nonostante le loro limitazioni, i resti materiali forniscono un punto di vista amerindiano che, quando considerato unitamente ai documenti d'archivio, può essere ricollegato ai racconti europei. Quest'articolo cerca di valutare l'intensità e lo scopo dei primi contatti, delineando gli avvenimenti principali che fecero da sfondo.La investigación de archivos y arqueológica ha mejorado considerablemente nuestro conocimiento de la presencia europea en el siglo XVI en el noreste de Norte América. Ahora es posible interrelacionar grupos de objetos europeos encontrados en yacimientos amerindios en el interior del continente para informarnos de cómo la llegada de los europeos y su encuentro con los aborígenes afectó a las poblaciones locales. A pesar de sus limitaciones, los restos materiales proporcionan el punto de vista amerindio que, cuando considerado junto al material de los archivos, se puede relacionar con las narrativas europeas. Este artículo intenta medir la intensidad y extensión de los primeros contactos a la vez que establece los principales acontecimientos que los rodearon.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".