Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental results on the static liquefaction behaviour of sand under plane-strain conditions are presented in this paper. Undrained tests on very loose sand under both plane-strain and axisymmetric conditions were conducted and the results compared. The test data show that the undrained behaviour of sand under plane strain is similar to that under axisymmetric conditions. However, the critical-state line (CSL) on both the q–p′ and the e–p′ planes determined under plane-strain conditions is different from that under axisymmetric conditions. The slope of the CSL is different as a result of the influence of the intermediate principal stress. The state parameter (ψ), which is measured with reference to the CSL in the e – log p′ plane, is also different: the ψ value for plane strain is about 0.05 less than that for axisymmetric conditions for the sand tested. The instability behaviour of very loose sand under undrained plane-strain conditions is also studied. Based on the testing data, a unique relationship between the stress ratio of the instability line and ψ is established to enable the triaxial results to be used for plane-strain conditions.Key words: failure, sands, laboratory tests, liquefaction, shear strength.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".