Validity of surface measurements to assess craniocervical posture in the sagittal plane: a critical review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to review the use of non-invasive surface measurements to assess craniocervical posture in the sagittal plane and critically review the validity of these measurements. A critical review of the literature that investigates surface methods to measure craniocervical posture was performed. Three studies were discussed that investigated the validity of surface measurements in the sagittal plane using radiographs as a reference criterion. In general, in the studies that investigated craniocervical posture with surface measurements, the authors failed to support their claims with information related to experimental methods such as standardisation of posture, and the reliability, validity and sensitivity of the measurements. Future research that looks at the validation of head and neck posture measurements using surface methods is necessary. Valid standard surface procedures to assess craniocervical posture based on radiographic measurements have not yet been established.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.018 | 0.060 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".