β-Endorphin Concentration After Administration of Sucrose in Preterm Infants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sucrose is an effective analgesic for procedural pain in preterm infants. It has been hypothesized that its analgesic effects are mediated by the release of endogenous opioid neurotransmitters such as beta-endorphin. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether intraoral administration of sucrose was associated with an increase in serum beta-endorphin concentrations in preterm infants with a gestation period less than 29 weeks who were not exposed to a painful stimulus. METHODS: We performed a prospective open-label study in preterm infants admitted to 2 tertiary neonatal intensive care units. Each infant received a single dose of 30% sucrose intraorally during a 1- to 2-minute period. A blood sample was obtained using an indwelling arterial catheter to determine beta-endorphin concentration immediately before and 2 to 5 minutes after the commencement of sucrose administration. RESULTS: We enrolled 11 preterm infants with a mean +/- SD gestational age of 27.2 +/- 0.9 weeks and a mean +/- SD birth weight of 1018 +/- 238 g (1.02 +/- 0.24 kg) at a mean +/- SD postnatal age of 3.0 +/- 2.5 days. The mean +/- SD beta-endorphin concentration before and after sucrose administration was 60.4 +/- 30.5 pg/mL and 57.4 +/- 22.4 pg/mL, respectively (P =.45). No adverse events were observed during the study procedures. CONCLUSION: Intraoral administration of sucrose in preterm infants did not lead to an increase in serum beta-endorphin concentrations at a point in time when the analgesic effects of sucrose were presumed to be present.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".