Past, present and future perspectives on sexing sperm
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Development of flow cytometry for sorting mammalian sperm according to their sex chromosomes began in the late 1970s and early 1980s. This technology, which has recently been commercialized for bovine sperm, is based on the differences in DNA content between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm. Under ideal conditions, 5000 live bovine sperm of each sex can be sorted per second at 90% accuracy. Pregnancy rates of 50% have been achieved routinely in well-managed heifers with sex-sorted, cryopreserved bovine sperm compared to 60–80% with unsexed control sperm. About 90% of offspring have been of the selected sex. Sorting sperm according to sex chromosome content is similarly successful in many other mammals including exotic species, but sorting efficiencies are somewhat less for sperm from some species. Key words: Mammals, sex chromosomes, flow cytometer, cell sorter, DNA content, X and Y sperm, Hoechst 33342
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it