Subthreshold microstimulation of the superior colliculus induces pupil dilation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The orienting reflex involves a wide repertoire of behavioral and physiological responses that includes not only a rapid shift of gaze, but also pupil dilation (Sokolov, 1963). The superior colliculus (SC) is a critical structure in the brain network that coordinates orienting behaviors, such as overt movements of eyes and head and covert shifts of attention. We sought to examine the role of the SC in pupil dynamics. First, we monitored pupil diameter in two non-human primate subjects during a variety of visual and oculomotor tasks (i.e., step, gap, and delayed- saccades). Pupil size was negatively correlated with saccadic latency (i.e., greater dilation resulted in shorter saccadic latency), suggesting that the amplitude of pupil dilation may be an effective indicator of attentional/cognitive processing during oculomotor tasks. We then examined whether the SC contributes causally to pupil dilation. We delivered a subthreshold train of microstimulation to the SC [train at 300 Hz for 100 ms at current between 10–50 μA], so that saccades were not evoked. We found significant pupil dilation within 150 ms of stimulation onset. This suggests that the primate SC plays a causal role in inducing pupil dilation as part of the orienting reflex. The possible neural pathways of induced pupil dilation by the SC stimulation will be discussed. Sokolov, E. N. (1963). Perception and the conditioned reflex. New York: Macmillan.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".