Mortality of Stored-Grain Insects Exposed to Microwave Energy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infestation of grain by insects is usually controlled with insecticides. Use of insecticides could result in residues in the food, which may have adverse effects on humans, and insects eventually develop resistance to insecticides. Hence, there is a need for an alternative method for disinfestation of grain. Disinfestation of harvested grains using microwaves can be one such alternative. A pilot-scale industrial microwave grain drying system operating at 2.45 GHz was used in this study to determine the mortality of three common adult stored-grain insects, namely, Tribolium castaneum, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, and Sitophilus granarius in barley and rye. Grain samples of 50 g each at 14%, 16%, and 18% moisture content (wet basis) were infested with adult insects. The samples were then exposed to microwave energy at four different power levels (200, 300, 400, and 500 W) for two exposure times (28 and 56 s). Complete (100%) mortality was achieved for all three species at 500 W for an exposure time of 28 s in barley and rye. For an exposure time of 56 s, complete mortality was achieved at 400 W for all the insects in barley and for C. ferrugineus in rye, but T. castaneum and S. granarius were killed at 300 W in rye. There was no significant difference in the mortality of insects in 14%, 16%, and 18% MC grain. Germination tests were conducted for barley and rye treated at different power levels and exposure times, and germination of seeds decreased with an increase in power level or exposure time or both.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".