Les réfugiés et l'État en Europe occidentale pendant les xixe et xxe siècles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Résumé Cet article livre une étude comparée des politiques du refuge menées par les principaux États européens sur le long xx e siècle en croisant les transformations des régulations internationales et les politiques propres à chaque État, en s’attardant sur le cas de la Grande-Bretagne, des Pays-Bas, de la Belgique, de la France et de la Suisse. Il souligne les difficultés de l’élaboration d’une politique européenne du refuge et les formes qu’elle prend en les rapportant aux traditions nationales des États européens. Il montre que les trajectoires nationales de la politique du refuge, du milieu du xix e siècle à nos jours, peuvent être profondément différentes, voire contradictoires, et éclaire ainsi les enjeux contemporains liés à la mise en œuvre de la Convention de Genève.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".