NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE LIQUID EXTRACTION FROM A STRATIFIED LIQUID-VAPOR ZONE USING ELECTROHYDRODYNAMIC EFFECTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A quasi-steady numerical methodology was developed to predict the liquid extraction from a stratified liquid-vapor zone due to electrohydrodynamics (EHD). The stratified liquid-vapor was in a tube, and a step DC voltage was applied using a central electrode along the tube axis. The solution for the electric field was coupled with the Navier-Stokes equations to determine the interfacial velocities. Here, the electric field imposes an interfacial force on the liquid interface, which was estimated using the equation developed by Stratton [1941] assuming a free charge interface. The electric field and the momentum equations were solved iteratively for small time steps, using the interfacial force due to the electric fields as the boundary condition at the liquid interface for solving for the velocity in the liquid phase. The position of the liquid interface for each iteration was updated using the interfacial velocity from the previous iteration. The numerical simulations were performed using a commercial finite element code. The liquid extraction times were estimated, and were found to be in good agreement with those estimated from flow visualization experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".