Evaluation on the effect of conical geometry on flow behaviours in spouted beds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Evaluation on the effect of conical section geometry on the gas–solid flow behaviours in conical–cylindrical spouted beds were carried out by three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) coupling with two‐fluid model (TFM). The simulations were implemented in seven columns with their conical angles ranging from 30° to 180°. The solid flow pattern, particle velocity, voidage, fountain height and the spout diameter were investigated. It was found that unstable spouting would occur when the conical angle is less than 30°. In addition, the conical angle of 105° might be a borderline value for gas–solid flow behaviours in the spout. In this region, increasing conical angle leads to a decrease in fountain height, particle velocity and voidage and an increase in the spout diameter when the conical angle is within 105°, while reverse trends could be found when the conical angle is beyond 105°. The smallest fountain height, particle velocity and voidage and largest spout diameter could be found when the angle is 105°. In spite of these, the particle velocity in the annulus continually increases with increasing conical angle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".