Layered Lithium Vanadium Fluorophosphate, Li<sub>5</sub>V(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>F<sub>2</sub>: A 4 V Class Positive Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A single-phase, well-crystallized Li 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 /carbon nanocomposite has been prepared by an optimized solid-state route, and its electrochemical behavior was examined as a positive electrode active material in lithium-ion batteries. The microcrystalline powder was synthesized by the reaction of amorphous VPO 4 /C with Li 3 PO 4 and LiF. Synthesis of the VPO 4 /C precursor utilized carbon to reduce V 2 O 5 and simultaneously create a nanoparticle reactive material, with the amount being tailored to result in a small excess at the end of the reaction to increase the bulk electronic conductivity of the final Li 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 composite. Quench techniques were used to isolate the metastable two-dimensional Li 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 as a pure single phase. 6 Li MAS NMR studies identified the crystallographic lithium sites and provided information on lithium-ion mobility and exchange in the two-dimensional layered structure. Lithium cells of the Li 5 V(PO 4 ) 2 F 2 /C composite exhibited a reversible plateau at 4.15 V followed by a second plateau at 4.65 V, which correspond to the V 3+ /V 4+ and V 4+ /V 5+ redox couples, respectively, and a charge capacity of 165 mA h g −1, which is close to theoretical (170 mA h g −1 ). These operating voltages are very similar to those of the V 3+ /V 4+ couple in Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 or LiVPO 4 F and the V 4+ /V 5+ couple in Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".