Species separation and zoogeography of redfish and rockfish (genus <i>Sebastes</i>) by otolith shape analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interspecific otolith shape variation was investigated within the species-rich genus Sebastes (redfish, rockfish) as a tool for species separation, since morphological distinction has proven to be difficult. Otolith samples from all four North Atlantic redfish species, six commercially important rockfish species from the North Pacific, and Sebastes capensis from the South Atlantic were compared for differences in linear otolith measurements and elliptical Fourier-shape descriptors. A clear distinction between the North Atlantic and North Pacific / South Atlantic species (97% correct jackknifed classification) was achieved by univariate measurements and discriminant analysis of size-corrected Fourier descriptors. Overall species classification success was 91%, 94% within the North Pacific species and 88% within the North Atlantic samples. From the Pacific rockfish, Sebastes alutus otoliths showed the strongest affinity to the North Atlantic Sebastes. High similarity of otolith shapes of S. capensis to the North Pacific Sebastes and clear discrimination from North Atlantic species coincide with current zoogeographical and speciation theories, as well as with recently reported genetic results.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".