Thirty‐year gravity change at Mount Baker Volcano, Washington, USA: Extracting the signal from under the ice
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mount Baker in the Cascade Volcanic Arc displayed an unexplained period of increased fumarolic activity in 1975 and has since been quiescently degassing. We reoccupied gravity stations near the active crater and on the south flank of the volcano, initially measured in 1975–1981. We observe 1800 ± 300 μGal gravity increase at the crater since 1977. Estimates of snow and ice volume change suggest these environmental factors significantly mask gravity change due to magmatic and hydrothermal sources; correcting for environmental factors could double the observed gravity increase. Hydrothermal recharge, magma intrusion, and significant deflation are rejected as explanations for the source of the gravity change. Densification of a magma body emplaced in 1975 is consistent with our gravity observations and with deformation and degassing data. Shallow pyrite precipitation may also contribute to the gravity increase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".