Episcleral Venous Pressure in Younger and Older Subjects in the Sitting and Supine Positions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Intraocular pressure is higher in older than younger subjects during the day and night. We attempted to determine whether episcleral venous pressure could explain the difference in the sitting and supine positions. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: We compared episcleral venous pressure, intraocular pressure, and blood pressure in a group of younger subjects aged 18 to 30 years and in a group of older subjects aged 65 years or older. The above measurements were performed in the sitting position and after 15 minutes in the supine position. RESULTS: The main difference between the groups was their systemic conditions. Comparing both groups, episcleral venous pressure and intraocular pressure were not different in the sitting position. However, in the supine position, episcleral venous pressure (9.6 vs. 8.3 mm Hg) (P < 0.01) and intraocular pressure (17.1 vs. 15.6 mm Hg) (P < 0.05) were higher in the older group. Statistically, a within-group analysis showed a significant increase in intraocular pressure in the supine position for both the younger (+ 0.8 mm Hg) (P < 0.001) and older subjects (+ 1.8 mm Hg) (P < 0.02). This was associated with an increased episcleral venous pressure in younger (+ 0.4 mm Hg) (P < 0.001) and older subjects (+1 mm Hg) (P < 0.02). There was no gender difference in intraocular pressure and episcleral venous pressure. No differences were found for intraocular pressure and episcleral venous pressure in subjects having certain systemic conditions. Blood pressure was higher for older subjects (P < 0.001). It decreased in the supine position for both groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Intraocular pressure and episcleral venous pressure were not different in the younger and older group in the sitting position. They were higher in the supine position for older subjects. There was no gender difference.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it