Heat transfer and pressure drop in a spiral square channel
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heat transfer and pressure drop in a spiral square channel is examined experimentally and analytically. The spiral channel was fabricated on a copper plate. The cross-section of the channel is square with 1-mm sides. A copper cap plate was bolted tight to seal the channel. Water and four silicone oils (0.65, 1, 3, and 10 cSt) were used as the working fluid; thus, Prandtl numbers from 5 to 110 were examined. The experiments were done once with the fluids entering from the side of the spiral channel and exiting from the middle of the spiral channel, and once with the fluids entering from the middle and exiting from the side. Heat transfer behavior over a wide range of flow rates from laminar to turbulent has been examined. Heat transfer enhancement due to the spiral geometry was observed, and a slight difference was reported between the side and middle inlet condition. The dimensionless mean wall flux and the dimensionless thermal flow length were used to analyze the experimental data instead of Nusselt and Reynolds numbers. The spiral channel has been discretized so that a single Dean number can be assumed in each cell, and an existing correlation was applied to calculate the average Nusselt number. The model prediction is compared with the experimental points. Pressure drop tests have only been conducted with water as the working fluid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".